Archive for the ‘Intervention’ Category

Keynesian Theory – A Few Comments

Thursday, February 25th, 2010

Up to this point, I have yet to mention “Keynes” or any derivative thereof.  The reason for this is simple – I don’t believe that the efforts taken to stimulate the economy are reflective of the theories that Keynes espoused.  Instead, they are a type of “bastardized” Keynesian Theory – used by various parties in an attempt to “legitimize” the tremendous amounts of money spent on various stimulus plans.

I’ve been meaning to write a blog post about this and other related topics.  I still intend to write a fuller post.  However, what prompted me to write about this now is a very interesting article I ran across in Fortune Magazine.  It is a February 5 interview with Allan Meltzer and can be found at this link.

As Meltzer indicates in the interview, Keynesian Theory is not aligned with the stimulus actions we, as a nation, have undertaken.

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The Effectiveness Of Stimulus

Wednesday, February 24th, 2010

“One of the biggest economic myths since the Great Depression is that governments can ameliorate or counteract the ebbs and flows of free markets. Government spending has never worked as a trigger for sustained and vibrant economic growth. Ever. Scholarship has demonstrated that the New Deal perpetuated the Depression rather than cured it. On the eve of the Depression the U.S. had the lowest unemployment rate among developed nations. But a decade later, despite six years of FDR’s New Deal, our unemployment rate was one of the highest among developed economies. Japan’s serial stimulus programs over the past two decades have repeatedly underscored this truth.”

Steve Forbes, Forbes Magazine, March 1 2010 p. 11 (link found here)

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I have written extensively about interventions, which includes stimulus spending.   Stimulus spending and interventions are widely (and wildly) misunderstood.

I think it is very important to have a full understanding of how the ARRA, a  very large stimulus, is performing.   As I wrote in a July 9 2009 blog post in which I discussed the ARRA, “Even if one were unabashedly pro-stimulus, one would find some serious faults with the $787 Billion stimulus plan, as enacted.”  As such, it should be of little surprise that the ARRA has been, at best, such a poor performer when analyzed in a variety of manners.

Here is a recent article from Alan Reynolds concerning the effectiveness of the ARRA.   Although I don’t necessarily agree with some of his conclusions, he does present some interesting statistics and views with regard to how the ARRA has performed.

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Tax Increases And Our Economic Situation – Follow Up

Tuesday, February 23rd, 2010

On October 16 I wrote a post titled “Tax Increases And Our Economic Situation.”  That post can be found at this link.

Some may wonder what tax increases I am referring to, as at least headline tax rates have yet to increase in many areas.  Tax increases have been deferred for many reasons.  Among these reasons is the negative political ramifications of raising taxes before the upcoming November elections.

However, if we are to at least partially curtail our current deficit levels, an increase in taxes is likely certain.  Everyone should know this, at least intuitively; and I believe there is widespread recognition of these impending tax increases.

Thus, our current economic situation is such:  economic weakness that is met with stimulus / deficit spending – that then leads to tax increases.  These tax increases – during a time of economic weakness – will likely weigh (very) heavily against any lasting economic recovery.

This situation may not be inherently problematical if the stimulus / deficit spending was indeed highly economically stimulative.  However, if it is not (and there is little if any evidence that recent stimulus programs have been), a “vicious circle” may form – with large stimulus / deficit spending driving ever-higher taxes – with the net result a weaker – and more highly-indebted economy.  This weaker economy in turn drives higher stimulus / deficit spending – and ever-higher taxes.

There are a lot of complexities and other factors at work in this relationship; however, such an in-depth discussion would be too prohibitively lengthy and complex for a blog post.

However, as one can envision, this “vicious circle” can become very pernicious on many fronts.

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The Quality Of Deficit Spending

Friday, February 19th, 2010

In the Wall Street Journal on Saturday, February 13 there was an editorial titled “High-Speed Spending.”  This discussed the dubious financial dynamics of a long-proposed “high speed” Orlando-to-Tampa rail project.

I also heard of a proposal to do a similar project between St. Louis and Chicago.

I have lived in the Chicago area for most of my life and have never heard anyone expressing a desire to have faster transportation (or such a “high speed” rail option) between St. Louis and Chicago.  Yet, in this case, as in the Orlando-to-Tampa case, the proposed “high-speed” rail project would cost billions of dollars.

If we are looking to spend money on infrastructure, perhaps it would be wiser to spend on our existing infrastructure, which is literally crumbling.  Estimates to fix our existing infrastructure range into the trillions of dollars.  These estimated figures are rapidly growing.

Examples of wasteful deficit spending are innumerable, unfortunately.  In my opinion, we, as a nation, are not in a position to waste any money at this point.

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Fannie Mae And Freddie Mac Situation

Wednesday, February 10th, 2010

An article in yesterday’s Wall Street Journal presents a thorough summary of the situation at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.  The article is titled, “No Exit in Sight for U.S. As Fannie, Freddie Flail.”  Here is the link to the story:

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704362004575001042824028862.html?KEYWORDS=no+exit+in+sight+for+us

I’ve commented extensively on the U.S. real estate situation, and the national attempts to intervene in this market.  Those posts can be found under the “Real Estate” and “Intervention” categories.

With regard to the aforementioned article, there are three items that I feel are especially notable.  For now, I will post them without comment; I may comment on them in the future.  The first is this:

“On a recent afternoon, employees at Freddie’s headquarters here peppered Mr. Haldeman with concerns about the company’s future. He responded that they were “fortunate” to have such a clear mission—the government’s foreclosure-prevention drive. “We’re doing what’s best for the country,” he told them.”

The second is this:

“We’re making decisions on [loan modifications] and other issues, without being guided solely by profitability, that no purely private bank ever could,” Mr. Haldeman said in late January in a speech to the Detroit Economic Club.”

The third is this:

“The government is willing to tolerate such open-ended exposure for two reasons. First, it sees the companies as essential cogs in the fragile housing market. Fannie and Freddie buy mortgages originated by others, holding some as investments and repackaging others for sale to investors as securities. Together with the Federal Housing Administration, they fund nine in 10 American mortgages. Worries about potential insolvency would cripple their ability to fund home loans, which would hamstring the market….By using Fannie and Freddie for such initiatives, the White House doesn’t have to go to Congress for funding. The Treasury and White House can simply issue instructions to Fannie and Freddie via their federal regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency, or FHFA.”

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In December 2008, I wrote an article titled, “Business Planning Principles Applied to the Stimulus / Intervention Efforts.”  That article can be found listed along the right-hand side of the home page.

I wrote the article for many reasons…perhaps chief among them because it was clear that the various interventions lacked a suitable managerial framework.  The “exit strategy” bullet point in the article seems particularly germane to the current intervention efforts being orchestrated through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

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SIGTARP Comments

Thursday, February 4th, 2010

I found some interesting comments in the SIGTARP January 30 2010 Report to Congress:

http://www.sigtarp.gov/reports/congress/2010/January2010_Quarterly_Report_to_Congress.pdf

From the Executive Summary, which begins on Page 5:

“Many of TARP’s stated goals, however, have simply not been met. Despite the fact that the explicit goal of the Capital Purchase Program (“CPP”) was to increase financing to U.S. businesses and consumers, lending continues to decrease, month after month, and the TARP program designed specifically to address small-business lending — announced in March 2009 — has still not been implemented by Treasury. Notwithstanding the fact that preserving homeownership and promoting jobs were explicit purposes of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (“EESA”), the statute that created TARP, nearly 16 months later, home foreclosures remain at record levels, the TARP foreclosure prevention program has only permanently modified a small fraction of eligible mortgages, and unemployment is
the highest it has been in a generation. Whether these goals can effectively be met through existing TARP programs is very much an open question at this time. And to the extent that the Government had leverage through its status as a significant preferred shareholder to influence the largest TARP recipients to carry out such policy goals, it was lost with their exit from TARP.”

also:

“….The substantial costs of TARP — in money, moral hazard effects on the market, and Government credibility — will have been for naught if we do nothing to correct the fundamental problems in our financial system and end up in a similar or even greater crisis in two, or five, or ten years’ time.  It is hard to see how any of the fundamental problems in the system have been addressed to date.

• To the extent that huge, interconnected, “too big to fail” institutions contributed to the crisis, those institutions are now even larger, in part because of the substantial subsidies provided by TARP and other bailout programs.

• To the extent that institutions were previously incentivized to take reckless risks through a “heads, I win; tails, the Government will bail me out” mentality, the market is more convinced than ever that the Government will step in as necessary to save systemically significant institutions. This perception was reinforced when TARP was extended until October 3, 2010, thus permitting Treasury to maintain a war chest of potential rescue funding at the same time that banks that have shown questionable ability to return to profitability (and in some cases are posting multi-billion-dollar losses) are exiting TARP programs.

• To the extent that large institutions’ risky behavior resulted from the desire to justify ever-greater bonuses — and indeed, the race appears to be on for TARP recipients to exit the program in order to avoid its pay restrictions — the current bonus season demonstrates that although there have been some improvements in the form that bonus compensation takes for some executives, there has been little fundamental change in the excessive compensation culture on Wall Street.

• To the extent that the crisis was fueled by a “bubble” in the housing market, the Federal Government’s concerted efforts to support home prices — as discussed more fully in Section 3 of this report — risk re-inflating that bubble in light of the Government’s effective takeover of the housing market through purchases and guarantees, either direct or implicit, of nearly all of the residential mortgage market.

Stated another way, even if TARP saved our financial system from driving off a cliff back in 2008, absent meaningful reform, we are still driving on the same winding mountain road, but this time in a faster car.”

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The State of the Union Address – A Few Comments

Thursday, January 28th, 2010

I found plenty of noteworthy comments in last night’s State of the Union Address.   Here is the link to the transcript:

http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-state-union-address

Here are a couple of my thoughts:

First, many stimulus initiatives were mentioned.  Some of these were new ideas.  That stimulus ideas are proliferating should not be a surprise, as many in our country believe they represent a sensible solution to our many economic difficulties.   I will comment on many of these initiatives when more details are available and/or they are enacted.  For now, I will say that before we, as a nation, enact more stimulus bills, we need to analyze the results of the many stimulus efforts previously and currently enacted.  Then, we need to assess the unintended consequences and risks these stimulus efforts hold, of which I have previously mentioned on this blog.

Second, the employment situation was mentioned.  This, of course, is not a surprise and is a very popular topic among all politicians – and for very good reason.

President Obama during the speech last night made the following comment:

“But the truth is, these steps won’t make up for the seven million jobs that we’ve lost over the last two years.”

I believe that our unemployment problems, both current and ongoing, encompass a population many multiples of seven million.   Our unemployment problems will most likely not be solved by any easily enacted solution, unfortunately.

For those unaware, I previously wrote a series of blog posts on unemployment, can be found here:

http://www.economicgreenfield.com/2009/07/24/why-arent-companies-hiring/

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Political Volatility

Monday, January 25th, 2010

Over the last few years the political scene has become more volatile, swinging from heavily Republican to heavily Democratic.  Now, it appears as if the political volatility is increasing yet again, with the recent election of Scott Brown and the unexpected hurdles Ben Bernanke is facing during his reconfirmation.  Many incumbents (and political appointees) who until recently seemed to hold “safe” positions may well find themselves open to losing elections.

Many would view this increased volatility as a positive sign the political system is “working.”  Of course there is credence to this view.

However, from an economics perspective, there are other consequences as well.  The implications are potentially vast. 

Desperate politicians may well feel an increased need to “do something” to prove that they are mindful of, and acting upon, our economic problems.  “Doing something” about our economic problems often entails some type of intervention or other variant of spending money.  As we have seen, the size of these interventions is often implied to denote their worthiness, with larger interventions purportedly more beneficial than smaller ones.  When one listens to politicians speak of their intervention legislations, it almost seems as if they view large interventions as a “badge of honor.”

I have written extensively about interventions, and will continue to do so.  They are very much misunderstood.  Of particular concern is that as time goes on and our financial problems grow in size, there has been a growing insensitivity to the ever-increasing size of the interventions.  Whereas just a couple of years ago a $150 Billion intervention would seem large, now that same size of intervention would be considered small.

While I have previously written that  interventions would continue, it is important to understand what factors are driving the trend.

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Characteristics Of The Housing Bubble

Friday, January 8th, 2010

Given the incredibly outsized intervention efforts in the residential real estate market, I think it is important to examine some dynamics of the real estate bubble.

Here is a chart from the 12/15/09 Contrary Investor commentary that I believe is interesting, as it depicts some underlying residential real estate fundamentals.  It shows the equity and mortgage debt situation.  The underlying data is from the Federal Reserve Flow of Funds:

http://www.contraryinvestor.com/

As far as real estate prices are concerned, I would like to show two charts, both from the CalculatedRisk blog:

http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/

The first chart was posted on 12/21/09 and is the LoanPerformance Price Index from 1976:

Next, a chart posted on 12/29/09 showing the LoanPerformance Index as well as Case-Shiller, from January 2000:

As others have commented, it appears as if the overall intervention efforts are aimed at reflating (or to re-inflate) the housing bubble.  Conventional (investment) wisdom has held that reflating a burst bubble is impossible.

However, I think given the tremendously outsized intervention efforts in housing, we are truly in a unique situation.  I don’t believe there has ever been such a large intervention effort in our country, at least in the last 150 years.  Depending upon how one would measure such intervention efforts, it might even be among the largest interventions in world economic history.

A casual observer might assume that such an outsized effort would be destined to be successful.  However, (economic) life is not that simple.

From an ”all things considered” standpoint, I don’t believe the residential real estate bubble has actually burst.  It appears to me that it has somewhat deflated.  I base this view on a variety of fundamental and technical factors. 

Assuming this view is correct – that the residential real estate hasn’t popped – the implications are immense.   I think it is likely that one of two possibilities will occur from here, and each could happen in a relatively rapid fashion.  The first possibility is a “successful” reflation of the residential real estate market, with accompanying economic activity.  The second possibility is a collapse of the residential real estate market with accompanying economic repercussions.  As to the path real estate will travel from here - my previous writings on interventions, bubbles and real estate indicate my thoughts on the subject.

If a “successful” relation occurs, one is led to wonder as to the characteristics of such a “successful” reflation of the real estate bubble.  Among other critical questions is how long would such a reflation last?

I think it very important to note the quality and durability of the economic activity that occurred in the first phase of the bubble, which peaked in 2006.  Can one hope for any better outcome during a subsequent reflation?

These issues are critical to the concept of Sustainable Prosperity, of which I have previously frequently commented.

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More On The Fannie/Freddie Developments Of December 24

Thursday, January 7th, 2010

Here is a Wall Street Journal editorial on the December 24 developments at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.  This editorial provides some new perspectives on the matter:

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704152804574628350980043082.html

My original comments on these developments was on December 28.

I feel it is critically important to understand the extent of intervention as it pertains to the housing market.  Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac continue to play an very large role in these intervention efforts. 

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